How to Publish in AJNR

Information for Authors

The American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR) publishes original articles pertaining to the clinical imaging, therapy, and basic science of the central and peripheral nervous system, including but not limited to the brain, spine, head and neck, interventional procedures, techniques in imaging and intervention, and related educational, socioeconomic, and medicolegal issues. The content of the AJNR is determined by the Editors.

Types of articles the AJNR will consider for publication include Original Research, Clinical Reports, Brief/Technical Reports, Letters to the Editor, and special papers including Review Articles and Radiologic-Pathologic Correlations. Other items such as Book Reviews are solicited and approved by the Editors as well. Letters and Book Reviews are published online only. Please note that manuscripts presenting research supported by any government funding source from any nation will be published in an open access manner with no restriction of content from initial on-line posting.

Submitted manuscripts must not contain previously published material or material under consideration for publication elsewhere unless specific permission is obtained. Accepted manuscripts become the property of the AJNR and may not be republished without its consent.

Manuscripts will undergo peer review, and an AJNR Editor will then make a decision relative to publication.

The AJNR encourages and will give particular attention to investigations that are prospective in nature and in which specific hypotheses are proposed.

Author Responsibilities

The AJNR follows the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines on authorship. An author should have made substantial contributions to all the categories established by the ICMJE:

1. “conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data,”
2. “drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content,”
3. “final approval of the version to be published,”
4. “agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.”

The corresponding author will need to report each author’s contribution to the manuscript in the CRediT taxonomy in Manuscript Central. This can be added during Step 4 of the submission process (Authors & Institutions) by choosing the action “Edit” to display the contribution options. Only one corresponding author per paper is permitted. More than one senior author can be acknowledged in the paper footnotes.

Please note that we require an institutional or organizational email as either a primary or secondary contact for each author.

Honorary authorship is to be avoided. The ICMJE states that contributions solely in the areas of acquisition of funding, general supervision of a research group or general administrative support, writing assistance, technical editing, language editing, and proofreading are NOT sufficient for authorship.

Public trust in the scientific process and the credibility of published articles depend in part on how transparently conflicts of interest are handled during the planning, implementation, writing, peer review, editing, and publication of scientific work. A conflict of interest exists when professional judgment concerning a primary interest (such as patients’ welfare or the validity of research) may be influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain). Perceptions of conflict of interest are as important as actual conflicts of interest. Financial relationships (such as employment, consultancies, stock ownership or options, honoraria, patents, and paid expert testimony) are the most easily identifiable conflicts of interest and the most likely to undermine the credibility of the journal, the authors, and of science itself. However, conflicts can occur for other reasons, such as personal relationships or rivalries, academic competition, and intellectual beliefs. Authors should avoid entering in to agreements with study sponsors, both for-profit and non-profit, that interfere with authors’ access to all of the study’s data or that interfere with their ability to analyze and interpret the data and to prepare and publish manuscripts independently when and where they choose. Authors may be required to provide the journal with the agreements in confidence.

Conflicts of interest and/or disclosure statements, if applicable, must be completed with all submissions using the appropriate ICMJE electronic form. Disclosure is not intended to prevent authors with potential conflicts of interest from contributing to the AJNR; rather it places on record any relationship that may exist with mentioned or competing products or firms. Disclosed information will be held in confidence during the review process and the Editors will determine the nature of any printed disclosure accompanying a published article. Authors are responsible for notifying the journal of financial arrangements including, but not limited to, agreements for research support (including provision of equipment or materials), speaker bureaus, consulting, or ownership interests. It is important that disclosure statements be updated promptly to reflect any new relationships that arise after the initial submission of the manuscript.

All authors will receive a link to complete a disclosure form after submission. AJNR now uses the Convey disclosure system, which allows an author to create a central account that can be updated and used for all future AJNR submissions. This system also allows authors to disclose through their accounts to other journals and for other purposes (board memberships, meeting presentations, etc.) and to build and update their accounts with the help of an administrative assistant. Learn more about Convey, a product of the Association of American Medical Colleges by watching this video.

Articles will be published with a link to the disclosure forms of all authors.

When a large, multi-center group has conducted a study, the group should identify the individuals who accept direct responsibility for the manuscript. At least one person’s name must accompany a group name (e.g., H.J. Cloft, for the HEAL Investigators). These individuals should fully meet the criteria for authorship defined above. When submitting a group author manuscript, the corresponding author should clearly indicate the preferred citation and identify all individual authors as well as the group name. Groups of persons who have contributed materially to the paper but whose contributions do not justify authorship may be listed under a heading such as “Clinical Investigators” and their function or contribution should be described (e.g., “served as scientific advisors,” “collected data,” or “provided and cared for study patients”). The National Library of Medicine indexes the group name and the names of individuals the group has identified as being directly responsible for the manuscript.

All authors should read the following instructions before submitting a manuscript to assure timely handling and review of their material. Authors should strive to present their manuscripts in a clear and logical manner. Authors are responsible for all statements made in the text.

We strongly encourage authors for whom English is not their native language to seek assistance from a colleague experienced in medical terminology and translation or a technical manuscript editor/service to ensure that the words used both accurately and clearly convey the intended meaning. Failure to do so may compromise the review of your manuscript. For more information on this topic and a list of resources, read English as an International Language: Web-Based Help or consult a service such as the American Journal Experts, Editage, Charlesworth Author Services, Enago, American Manuscript Editors, or Wordvice. Because understanding and correctly displaying non-English names can be complicated, we urge our authors to review the Title Page instructions below carefully.

AJNR recommends that authors have a statistician verify that all of their methods are valid and their interpretation of data is accurate.

These instructions are based in part on recommendations as set forth in the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors’ Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals and the AMA Manual of Style. Authors are encouraged to consult both of these publications, which contain helpful details on the construction and writing of scientific manuscripts. Variations from guidelines in those publications reflect the individual style of the AJNR.

Duplicate/Redundant Publication

The Council of Science Editors defines redundant publication as “reporting (publishing or attempting to publish) substantially the same work more than once, without attribution of the original source(s)” (CBE Views 1996;19 (4):76-77). Characteristics of reports that are substantially similar include (a) “at least one of the authors must be common to all reports; (b) “the subject or study populations are often the same or similar”; (c) “the methodology is typically identical or nearly so”; and (d) “the results and their interpretation generally vary little, if at all.”

Should any member of the Editorial Board of AJNR become aware of the possibility of redundant/duplicate publication, the Editor-in-Chief will:

1. If the article is still in the process of peer review, suspend it until final determination is made. A determination of redundant/duplicate publication will result in immediate rejection of the article and notification of the Editor(s) of other journals involved.
2. If the article(s) in question has already been published by AJNR:
   1. Compare and study both publications to determine their content.
   2. Ask one or more Senior Editors and/or a member(s) of the Editorial Board to determine if the article in question falls into the category of redundant/duplicate publication.
   3. If the article is considered as redundant/duplicate, retract it from publication in AJNR and PubMed and notify the author(s).
   4. Publish a notification of the retraction in AJNR and give authors(s) involved the opportunity to respond.
   5. Further sanctions to be considered by the Editor-in-Chief and Senior Editors on an individual basis include:
      1. A flexible time ban for material by any of the authors.
      2. Notification of the authors’ department chairs and other authorities of their respective universities.
   6. If redundancy, duplication, or plagiarism occurs in an article(s) arising from research funded by a government means, the Office of Research Integrity from Department of Health and Human Services will be notified.

Authors should be advised that AJNR uses the iThenticate system to scan all accepted articles for duplication of text from previously published sources. Reviewers and Senior Editors may also initiate a scan of any submitted manuscript during the review process. Any article displaying more than a 15% level of duplication (excluding references) will be investigated and further action will be decided upon by the Editor-in-Chief on a case-by-case basis.

If the submitted manuscript builds on previously published articles, authors are encouraged to enclose copies of those articles with the new submission. The Editors reserve the right to request the original data obtained in the investigation.

Content Previously Published in Open Access Journals under Creative Commons Licensing
Authors may intend to use portions of their own work for which they retain copyright following publication in an open access journal that operates under Creative Commons Licensing. In this case, any portions they intend to reproduce in AJNR (data, art, tables) should be acknowledged in the form of a footnote on the title page. The intention to reuse material should also be included in the cover letter when submitting the manuscript so that the total level of duplication can be assessed prior to peer review. The previous publication should be included in the reference list as well.

Government-Funded Research/Open Access Option

AJNR welcomes government-funded research. Our journaloffers immediate free viewing of government-sponsored articles from any country in the world. All content in AJNR is free 12 months after print publication. AJNR is archived in PubMed Central.

We comply fully with the open access requirements of UKRI, Wellcome, and NIHR. Where required by their funder, authors retain the right to distribute their author accepted manuscript (AAM), such as via an institutional and/or subject repository (e.g., EuropePMC), under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license for release no later than the date of first online publication.

Authors of all other accepted articles have the opportunity to pay a $750 immediate open access fee. Other imaging publications charge a much higher fee and do not make articles open access until the time of print publication, restricting readership and potential citations to current subscribers. This relatively modest charge ensures that such articles will be freely available to all readers from the time of electronic publication, approximately 4-6 weeks after acceptance. Authors opting to pay the fee for open access treatment of their manuscript reserve the right to post the final, published version of their manuscript (in PDF) on their Web page provided that a link to the article on www.ajnr.org is included, along with complete citation information and an acknowledgment that the American Journal of Neuroradiology is the copyright holder.

Reporting Guidelines for Different Types of Research

STARD Checklist Studies dealing with diagnostic accuracy must conform to the conditions outlined in the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) checklist.

PRISMA Guidelines Meta-analyses and systematic reviews must follow the PRISMA guidelines. For more information, please review the PRISMA statement. 

Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning/Deep Learning Data Policy  We request that all computer code used for modeling and/or data analysis be deposited in a publicly accessible repository no later than the time of acceptance. The final manuscript should contain a link to the Website where the code can be accessed. Authors must maintain the archived software and link for at least 5 years after publication. AJNR encourages authors to upload code and data associated with their manuscripts to Code Ocean, a cloud-based executable research platform. Code Ocean provides a user-friendly interface to container technology and runs code in the cloud, allowing for stable, shareable, and executable research artifacts. It is expected that a study can be replicated based on these materials. If commercially available code is used, authors should ensure their paper contains detailed instructions of how to reproduce their results. In exceptional cases where security concerns or competing commercial interests pose a conflict, code-sharing arrangements that facilitate reproduction of the work should be discussed with the Editor.

Authors of articles detailing new or modified software algorithms are encouraged to deposit the implementation of their source code in an acceptable repository with a unique identifier for the revision of the code that they used in their study.

Preprint Servers Conference papers and preprint servers are an important part of the computer science/artificial intelligence community. AJNR asks authors to disclose where and when earlier version(s) of a submitted manuscript were presented and to provide access to those version(s). If a substantial portion of the submitted work has been published previously in print or on the Web, the authors should include a detailed description of how the present work differs from the prior version.

Ethical Protection of Research Participants   All investigators should ensure that the planning conduct and reporting of human research are in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2013. All authors should seek approval to conduct research from an independent local, regional or national review body (e.g., ethics committee, institutional review board). If doubt exists whether the research was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, the authors must explain the rationale for their approach and demonstrate that the local, regional or national review body explicitly approved the doubtful aspects of the study. Approval by a responsible review body does not preclude editors from forming their own judgment whether the conduct of the research was appropriate.

Patients have a right to privacy that should not be violated without informed consent. Identifying information, including names, initials, or hospital numbers, should not be published in written descriptions, photographs, or pedigrees unless the information is essential for scientific purposes and the patient (or parent or guardian) gives written informed consent for publication. Informed consent for this purpose requires that an identifiable patient be shown the manuscript to be published. Authors should disclose to these patients whether any potential identifiable material might be available via the Internet as well as in print after publication. Patient consent should be written and archived with the journal, the authors, or both, as dictated by local regulations or laws.

Nonessential identifying details should be omitted. Informed consent should be obtained if there is any doubt that anonymity can be maintained. For example, masking the eye region in photographs of patients is inadequate protection of anonymity. If identifying characteristics are de-identified, authors should provide assurance, and editors should so note, that such changes do not distort scientific meaning.

When reporting experiments on animals, authors should indicate whether institutional and national standards for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed. Further guidance on animal research ethics is available from the International Association of Veterinary Editors’ Consensus Author Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welfare.

Manuscript Submission and Peer Review

The AJNR uses an electronic submission and review process to promote expeditious peer review. Manuscripts should be submitted electronically via the following Web site: Manuscript Central

Questions about manuscripts under consideration may be addressed to:

American Journal of Neuroradiology
820 Jorie Boulevard, Suite 300
Oak Brook, IL 60523-8205
ph (630) 574-0220
fax (630) 786-6251
em lwilhelm@asnr.org

Submitting authors will be sent e-mail notifications to acknowledge receipt of their manuscript and for all subsequent requests for materials and decisions. Please note that the corresponding author for an accepted manuscript and the submitting author do not have to be the same person. Authors may verify the status of their submission in the Author Center of Manuscript Central. Questions regarding the time in review may be sent to the editorial office.

AJNR uses a double-blind peer review process. Manuscripts are assigned to a Senior Editor by the Editor-in-Chief. In some instances, the Editor-in-Chief will also act in the role of a Senior Editor. The Senior Editor will initially review a manuscript for its suitability for publication in AJNR and, if appropriate, the manuscript is sent in a blinded fashion to reviewers. The identity of these reviewers will be permanently unknown to the authors. Both Senior Editors and reviewers are required to disclose any conflict of interest that would affect their ability to objectively evaluate a manuscript. Reported conflicts will result in re-assignment to a different Senior Editor or reviewer. Manuscripts containing artificial intelligence content will undergo additional double-blind peer review. Submissions containing advanced statistical analysis will undergo review by the Journal’s Statistical Senior Editor. AJNR’s Senior Editors, Deputy Editor, and reviewers are expected to permanently keep confidential the content of the submissions they review as well as the feedback they provide.

Disclosure Forms and Copyright Agreements
All authors listed on the manuscript must complete both the electronic copyright agreement (in the case of acceptance) and ICMJE disclosure forms in Convey.

ORCID
AJNR participates in the Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) program. This is a non-profit organization dedicated to solving the long-standing name ambiguity problem in scholarly communication by creating a central registry of unique identifiers for individual researchers and an open, transparent linking mechanism between ORCID and other current author identifier schemes. We encourage all authors to associate an ORCID iD with their Manuscript Central account. To add an iD, please go to the Corresponding Author Center and use the drop-down menu under your name at the upper right to select “Email/Name.” This will show you links you can follow to register with ORCID, add your existing identifier, or read more about the program. As of April 2015, ORCID registration is required for submission.

Categories of Submission

Original Research

Word Limits
Abstract	250
Total*	4500**

^* To determine the text count, highlight the introduction through the references, plus tables, using your word processor. The abstract, abbreviation list, and figure legends should not be highlighted. Space taken up by figures must be accounted for according to our image word count guidelines.

^** Authors who wish to exceed this limit will be charged $500, with a maximum acceptable word count of 5500. If you would like to accept this fee, please include a note in your cover letter stating your acceptance in order to avoid having your manuscript unsubmitted for exceeding the word count limitations.

Objective Terminology Authors should avoid using words such as “undoubtedly,” “unequivocal,” “substantially,” “always,” and similar adverbs and adjectives that may introduce subtle bias when presenting and analyzing data. The term “significant” should only to be used to refer to statistical results.

Note Regarding Computational Fluid Dynamics Studies: AJNR welcomes the publication of patient-specific computational studies, the content of which allows generalizations regarding the impact of hemodynamics on vascular homeostasis or clinical decision-making. However, as with any clinical series, such studies must include a minimum of 6 subjects.

Manuscript Sections
Title Page	The following information should appear: title of article; first name, middle initial, and last name of author(s); affiliations, grant support, and presentation in part or whole at any meeting. Authors should avoid qualifying their research as a preliminary study in the title of the paper. Identify the corresponding author and provide full mailing address, phone and FAX numbers, e-mail address, and Twitter handle, if desired. Authors are urged to indicate exactly how they want their names to appear. AJNR generally publishes only initials for first and middle (“given”) names and spells out last (“family”) name(s). Authors may indicate level of contribution to the paper and this will be reflected in the final published article. Only one corresponding author per paper is permitted. More than one senior author can be acknowledged in the paper footnotes.
Abstract	The abstract is limited to 250 words and should describe the essential aspects of the investigation in four subheadings: Background and Purpose. In the first sentence, state the background information/rationale for the investigation; in the second sentence, state your specific purpose or hypothesis Materials and Methods Results. Summarize actual data. Conclusion. Brief statement directed to the stated purpose or hypothesis; no references should be cited.
Abbreviations	Authors are encouraged to limit the amount of abbreviations whenever possible to enhance the reader’s experience. Please refer to the list of commonly abbreviated words below and do not expand these at first mention or include them in the abbreviation key. A total of 10 other abbreviations may be used within the text, legends, and tables. These should be listed in the abbreviation key and also spelled out at first mention in the text. NO abbreviations other than those on the standard list are permitted in the abstract. All abbreviations should be commonly found in the neuroimaging literature and authors should not create abbreviations or acronyms specifically for their manuscript. All abbreviated terms must be used at least 10 times within a manuscript. Abbreviations should be listed in the abbreviation key along with their definitions, as illustrated in the following example: VBM = voxel-based morphometry; BOLD = blood oxygen level–dependent, etc. These will appear on the first page of the printed article. The abbreviation key will not be factored into an article’s word count.
Introduction	Please write a brief introduction to the paper that outlines the Background/Purpose in further detail. This should not be longer than 1.5 pages of typed manuscript.
Methods	This section may be divided into subsections if it facilitates reading the paper. The research design, patients/subjects, material used, means of confirming diagnoses, and statistical methods should be included. Papers with statistical analysis should be prepared in consultation or coauthorship with someone who has statistical expertise. Do not mix results and discussion into this section. Do not include manufacturer’s names unless the specific product is important to the procedures performed, in which case, the city and state or country of the manufacturer should also be given. Indicate that informed consent has been obtained from patients who participated in clinical investigations. In animal experimentation, acknowledge that National Institutes of Health or equivalent guidelines were followed. When appropriate, indicate that approval was obtained from the institution’s review board. If there is a sponsoring company, include at the end of this section what input that company had in the formulation of the paper.
Results	This section may be divided into subsections if it facilitates reading the paper. Present results in a clear, orderly fashion, and include statistical findings to substantiate the results. All results based on methods must be included. If tables and graphic material will ease the understanding of the results, include them. However, when the results can be summarized easily in a narrative form, do not use tables. Cite figures to illustrate findings.
Statistical Analysis	Results should be presented with only as much precision as is of scientific value given the study context and sample size. P-values should generally be reported out to two decimal places if greater than .01, or three if between .001 and .01, and reported as “<.001” otherwise. P-values should be presented using two-sided tests, unless the study design specifies that a one-sided test is required (eg, noninferiority studies). Measures of association, odds ratios, correlation coefficients, or diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, etc.) should ordinarily be reported to two digits past the decimal place unless the scientific context warrants greater precision.
Discussion	Start with limited, pertinent background information and then discuss the results of the investigation in light of what has been published in the past, the limitations of your study, the implications for patient care, and potential directions for future research. The promise of further studies by the authors should be eliminated unless these are certain to be undertaken and should not be used as an excuse for study limitations. Authors should also avoid statements indicating theirs is the first study of its kind unless this can be documented and the work is truly unique. Where appropriate, cite figures and graphs.
Conclusions	In a separate section, summarize the major findings of the study and their clinical usefulness (if applicable). This paragraph should address the hypothesis or purpose stated earlier in the paper.
Acknowledgments	Obtaining permission to include a name in this section from the acknowledged individual is advised.
References	Provide only the references that give essential background material. Citation should be to the original source. When citing a long list of references, e.g., 1-20, authors should attempt to order these references by date of publication or group topics together. SEE ALSO: References section.

Level 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Expedited Program

Submission of properly designed randomized trials (EBM Level 1) will be given priority at every stage of the review process, from submission to publication. Authors who want to take advantage of this new program should follow these simple guidelines:

1. Contact via email the Editor in Chief prior to submission to let him know such an article is being prepared.
2. Once the article is submitted, the Editor-in-Chief will review it immediately and decide if it is an EBM Level 1 article. On weekdays the Editor will contact the corresponding author within 24 hours and let him or her know if the article can be considered for this program. If the article was submitted over the weekend, the corresponding author will be contacted the following Monday.

Benefits of the program:

1. Expedited peer review: 5–7 days followed by immediate decision.
2. Once accepted after revisions, expedited processing with PDF proof sent to authors within 14 days.
3. After final approval of PDF proof by authors, posting in Publication Preview within 7 days and preferential print publication schedule.
4. Process from acceptance of final revision to electronic publication of about 4 weeks.

Other considerations:

1. Open access fees waived.
2. Color charges waived.
3. Over the limit word count fees waived.
4. Art from the article will be considered for the cover of AJNR and, if used, the corresponding author will receive a free poster of cover.
5. Special mention of the article at time of appearance in Publication Preview on AJNR Blog.
6. Special consideration for acceptance at ASNR’s annual meeting as a presentation.

Meta-Analysis/Systematic Review

In general, meta-analyses and systematic reviews should follow the Original Research submission guidelines and can be submitted under the “Original Research” manuscript type in Manuscript Central. However, the abstract format differs. Please include the following subheadings in a meta-analysis or systematic review abstract:

• Background
• Purpose
• Data Sources
• Study Selection
• Data Analysis
• Data Synthesis
• Limitations
• Conclusions

Abstract Example Trinquart L, Attiche N, Bafeta A, et al. Uncertainty in treatment rankings: reanalysis of network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Annals Intern Med 2016;164:666–73, doi: 10.7326/M15-2521

PRISMA Guidelines Meta-analyses and systematic reviews must follow the PRISMA guidelines, and authors should upload a copy of the PRISMA checklist to their Manuscript Files. For more information, please review the PRISMA statement.

Clinical Reports

These are series of cases (more than 5) that are retrospective and descriptive.

Word Limits
Abstract	150
Total*	3500**

^* To determine the text count, highlight the introduction through the references, plus tables, using your word processor. The abstract, abbreviation list, and figure legends should not be highlighted. Space taken up by figures must be accounted for according to our image word count guidelines.

^** Authors who wish to exceed this limit will be charged $500, with a maximum acceptable word count of 4500. If you would like to accept this fee, please include a note in your cover letter stating your acceptance in order to avoid having your manuscript unsubmitted for exceeding the word count limitations.

Manuscript Sections
Title Page	The following information should appear: title of article; first name, middle initial, and last name of author(s); affiliations, grant support, and presentation in part or whole at any meeting. Authors should avoid qualifying their research as a preliminary study in the title of the paper. Identify the corresponding author and provide full mailing address, phone and FAX numbers, e-mail address, and Twitter handle, if desired. Authors are urged to indicate exactly how they want their names to appear. AJNR generally publishes only initials for first and middle (“given”) names and spells out last (“family”) name(s). Authors may indicate level of contribution to the paper and this will be reflected in the final published article. Only one corresponding author per paper is permitted. More than one senior author can be acknowledged in the paper footnotes.
Abstract	The abstract should be a one-paragraph summary of the article.
Abbreviations	Authors are encouraged to limit the amount of abbreviations whenever possible to enhance the reader’s experience. Please refer to the list of commonly abbreviated words below and do not expand these at first mention or include them in the abbreviation key. A total of 10 other abbreviations may be used within the text, legends, and tables. These should be listed in the abbreviation key and also spelled out at first mention in the text. NO abbreviations other than those on the standard list are permitted in the abstract. All abbreviations should be commonly found in the neuroimaging literature and authors should not create abbreviations or acronyms specifically for their manuscript. All abbreviated terms must be used at least 10 times within a manuscript. Abbreviations should be listed in the abbreviation key along with their definitions, as illustrated in the following example: VBM = voxel-based morphometry; BOLD = blood oxygen level–dependent, etc. These will appear on the first page of the printed article. The abbreviation key will not be factored into an article’s word count.
Introduction	Describe the essence of the report in less than 1.5 typed manuscript pages.
Case Series	Describe the case series. Write in the past tense.
Discussion	Highlight the educational value of the case series.
References	Provide only the references that give essential background materials. Citation should be to the original source. When citing a long list of references, e.g., 1-20, authors should attempt to order these references by date of publication or group topics together. SEE ALSO: References Section.

Brief Reports/Technical Notes

While the AJNR encourages the submission of full-length Original Research papers, it will consider the publication of a limited number of concise Brief Reports or Technical Notes. These should be unusually educational or medically important but having limited or preliminary data. Novel imaging sequences or technical applications would also be appropriate for this category. This category, however, is not intended for case reports. Publication of Brief Reports/Technical Notes is limited to 2 per issue.

Author Limit No more than 5

Word Limits
Abstract	75
Total*	1800

^* To determine the text count, highlight the introduction through the references, plus tables, using your word processor. The abstract, abbreviation list, and figure legends should not be highlighted. Space taken up by figures must be accounted for according to our image word count guidelines.

^** The option to pay $500 to exceed the word count limit is not available for Brief Reports.

Manuscript Sections
Title Page	The following information should appear: title of article; first name, middle initial, and last name of author(s); affiliations, grant support, and presentation in part or whole at any meeting. Authors should avoid qualifying their research as a preliminary study in the title of the paper. Identify the corresponding author and provide full mailing address, phone and FAX numbers, e-mail address, and Twitter handle, if desired. Authors are urged to indicate exactly how they want their names to appear. AJNR generally publishes only initials for first and middle (“given”) names and spells out last (“family”) name(s). Authors may indicate level of contribution to the paper and this will be reflected in the final published article. Only one corresponding author per paper is permitted. More than one senior author can be acknowledged in the paper footnotes.
Abstract	The abstract should be a one-paragraph summary of the article.
Abbreviations	Authors are encouraged to limit the amount of abbreviations whenever possible to enhance the reader’s experience. Please refer to the list of commonly abbreviated words below and do not expand these at first mention or include them in the abbreviation key. A total of 10 other abbreviations may be used within the text, legends, and tables. These should be listed in the abbreviation key and also spelled out at first mention in the text. NO abbreviations other than those on the standard list are permitted in the abstract. All abbreviations should be commonly found in the neuroimaging literature and authors should not create abbreviations or acronyms specifically for their manuscript. All abbreviated terms must be used at least 10 times within a manuscript. Abbreviations should be listed in the abbreviation key along with their definitions, as illustrated in the following example: VBM = voxel-based morphometry; BOLD = blood oxygen level–dependent, etc. These will appear on the first page of the printed article. The abbreviation key will not be factored into an article’s word count.
References	Provide only the references that give essential background materials. Citation should be to the original source. When citing a long list of references, e.g., 1-20, authors should attempt to order these references by date of publication or group topics together. SEE ALSO: References Section.

Review Articles

Authors are encouraged to contact the Editor-in-Chief (AJNR.EIC@gmail.com) before preparing an unsolicited Review Article to avoid duplication of other work already in progress.

Word Limits
Abstract	150
Total*	6100**

^* To determine the text count, highlight the introduction through the references, plus tables, using your word processor. The abstract, abbreviation list, and figure legends should not be highlighted. Space taken up by figures must be accounted for according to our image word count guidelines.

^** The option to pay $500 to exceed the word count limit is not available for Review Articles.

Manuscript Sections
Title Page	The following information should appear: title of article; first name, middle initial, and last name of author(s); affiliations, grant support, and presentation in part or whole at any meeting. Authors should avoid qualifying their research as a preliminary study in the title of the paper. Identify the corresponding author and provide full mailing address, phone and FAX numbers, e-mail address, and Twitter handle, if desired. Authors are urged to indicate exactly how they want their names to appear. AJNR generally publishes only initials for first and middle (“given”) names and spells out last (“family”) name(s). Authors may indicate level of contribution to the paper and this will be reflected in the final published article. Only one corresponding author per paper is permitted. More than one senior author can be acknowledged in the paper footnotes.
Abstract	The abstract should be a one-paragraph summary of the article.
Abbreviations	Authors are encouraged to limit the amount of abbreviations whenever possible to enhance the reader’s experience. Please refer to the list of commonly abbreviated words below and do not expand these at first mention or include them in the abbreviation key. A total of 10 other abbreviations may be used within the text, legends, and tables. These should be listed in the abbreviation key and also spelled out at first mention in the text. NO abbreviations other than those on the standard list are permitted in the abstract. All abbreviations should be commonly found in the neuroimaging literature and authors should not create abbreviations or acronyms specifically for their manuscript. All abbreviated terms must be used at least 10 times within a manuscript. Abbreviations should be listed in the abbreviation key along with their definitions, as illustrated in the following example: VBM = voxel-based morphometry; BOLD = blood oxygen level-dependent, etc. These will appear on the first page of the printed article. The abbreviation key will not be factored into an article’s word count.
Text	After a brief introduction, this section may be divided into subsections to facilitate reading the paper. Discuss pertinent background information, review the major findings of articles published in the past and the limitations of these studies, the implications for patient care, and potential directions for future research.
Tables and Figures	If tables and graphic material will ease the understanding of the results, include them. However, when the results can be summarized easily in a narrative form, do not use tables. Cite figures to illustrate findings. Five illustrations and one table are generally sufficient to supplement the text of a Review Article.
Acknowledgments	Obtaining permission to include a name in this section from the acknowledged individual is advised.
References	Provide only the references that give essential background material. Review Articles generally contain an average of 65 references. Citation should be to the original source. When citing a long list of references, e.g., 1-20, authors should attempt to order these references by date of publication or group topics together. SEE ALSO: References section.

Perspectives

Perspectives typically come in three types, depending on their focus: Methodologic, Research, or Practice.

Word Limits
Total*	3500*

^* To determine the text count, highlight the introduction through the references, plus tables, using your word processor. The abstract, abbreviation list, and figure legends should not be highlighted. Space taken up by figures must be accounted for according to our image word count guidelines.

^** The word count may be exceeded, up to 4500 words, only with the prior express permission of the Editor-in-Chief, Jeffrey Ross, MD (AJNR.EIC@gmail.com).

Manuscript Sections
Title Page	The following information should appear: title of article; first name, middle initial, and last name of author(s); affiliations, grant support, and presentation in part or whole at any meeting. Authors should avoid qualifying their research as a preliminary study in the title of the paper. Identify the corresponding author and provide full mailing address, phone and FAX numbers, e-mail address, and Twitter handle, if desired. Authors are urged to indicate exactly how they want their names to appear. AJNR generally publishes only initials for first and middle (“given”) names and spells out last (“family”) name(s). Authors may indicate level of contribution to the paper and this will be reflected in the final published article. Only one corresponding author per paper is permitted. More than one senior author can be acknowledged in the paper footnotes.
Abbreviations	Authors are encouraged to limit the amount of abbreviations whenever possible to enhance the reader’s experience. Please refer to the list of commonly abbreviated words below and do not expand these at first mention or include them in the abbreviation key. A total of 10 other abbreviations may be used within the text, legends, and tables. These should be listed in the abbreviation key and also spelled out at first mention in the text. NO abbreviations other than those on the standard list are permitted in the abstract. All abbreviations should be commonly found in the neuroimaging literature and authors should not create abbreviations or acronyms specifically for their manuscript. All abbreviated terms must be used at least 10 times within a manuscript. Abbreviations should be listed in the abbreviation key along with their definitions, as illustrated in the following example: VBM = voxel-based morphometry; BOLD = blood oxygen level-dependent, etc. These will appear on the first page of the printed article. The abbreviation key will not be factored into an article’s word count.
Text	After a brief introduction, this section may be divided into subsections to facilitate reading the paper. Discuss pertinent background information and other information as appropriate for the focus of the Perspective.
Tables and Figures	If tables and graphic material will ease the understanding of the results, include them. However, when the results can be summarized easily in a narrative form, do not use tables. Cite figures to illustrate findings. Five illustrations and one table are generally sufficient to supplement the text of a Review Article.
Acknowledgments	Obtaining permission to include a name in this section from the acknowledged individual is advised.
References	Provide only the references that give essential background material. Review Articles generally contain an average of 65 references. Citation should be to the original source. When citing a long list of references, e.g., 1-20, authors should attempt to order these references by date of publication or group topics together. SEE ALSO: References section.

Letters to the Editor

Letters to the Editor may express an opinion relative to the practice of neuroradiology or constructive observations or criticisms of published material. These manuscripts must be received within two months after print publication of any article upon which the Letter offers commentary or criticism. Letters should be no more than two pages (double-spaced) and should be submitted with a brief title (and a title page containing author contact information) but no salutation. A maximum of four references may be included. Letters are published at the discretion of the AJNR and are subject to editing.

As of March 2008, Letters to the Editor appear online only.

Obituaries

Obituaries are published at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief. They will only be considered for the following individuals: ASNR Past Presidents, ASNR Founders, ASNR Honorary Members, AJNR Editors, and individuals who are judged to have had significant impact in neuroradiology. Obituaries will appear online only and at www.ajnrblog.org, and will be referenced in the print table of contents. Please contact the Editor-in-Chief before submitting an obituary.

Book Reviews

Book Reviews are now posted online at AJNR Blog. Queries may be directed to the Book Reviews Editor, Dr. Robert M. Quencer.

Electronic Format Requirements

Important If possible, please submit all files in production-ready formats. We cannot publish your manuscript without receiving correctly formatted files.

Document Files

Requirements
File Format	Submit an electronic version of the manuscript as a Microsoft Word (DOC, DOCX) or RTF file. Please note that abstracts should be included in your main document in addition to being posted in the space provided in your Corresponding Author Center.
Margins & Spacing	All text should be double-spaced with sufficient margins, and all pages should be numbered. Do not justify the margins.
Font Size	Font size should be at least 12 point.
Blinding	Preserve anonymity by ensuring that the authors’ names appear only on the title page (which should be a separate electronic file) and by eliminating mention of institutions, affiliations, and previous work by the authors (stated as such within the manuscript file).
Manuscript Organization	When organizing your manuscript, please refer to the desired category of submission for guidelines.
Revisions	For revisions, please include a cover letter detailing all changes that were made to the manuscript. You will be prompted for this letter by Manuscript Central upon submitting your revision.
Resubmissions	Resubmissions are treated as new manuscripts. Responses to reviewers may be provided within the cover letter section, but these should not be uploaded with the rest of the manuscript files, nor should the main document indicate changes made to the original submission.

Abbrevations

The following list of commonly abbreviated words do not require expansion in the text or mention in the abbreviation key:

ADC, AICA, ANCOVA, ANOVA, ASPECTS, AVF, AVM, BBB, CADASIL, CBF, CBV, Cho, CI (confidence interval), CISS, CNS, Cr, CSF, CT, CTA, CTP, CTV, DICOM, DSA, DSC, DTI, DWI, EPI, FDA, FDG, FIESTA, FISP, FLAIR, FLASH, fMRI, FOV, FSE, Gd-DTPA, Glx, GM, HAART, HASTE, ¹H-MRS, H&E, HIV, ICA, IV, MANCOVA, MCA, MDCTA, mIns (myo-inositol), MIP, MPR, MPRAGE, MR, MRA, MRI, mRS (modified Rankin Scale), MRS, MRV, MS, MTT, NAA, NASCET, n-BCA, NCCT, NEX, NIHSS, NPO, OR (odds ratio), PACS, PET, PICA, PROPELLER, PWI, ROI, rtPA, SAH, SNR, SPECT, STEAM, STIR, SWI, T1WI, T2WI, TE, TI, TIA, TICI (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction), TOF, tPA, TR, TREAT, TSE, TTP, VOI, WM, Xe-CT

Figures and Legends

Requirements
File Format	Submit all figures in JPG, TIF, or EPS format. (Glossy prints are no longer required.)
Blinding	Do not include authors’ names in the filename or in the image file itself. Illustrations should not have marks, circles, or numbers in the area around the image and should be free of all identifying information relative to the patient* and institution. *Written permission from any person recognizable in a photo is required.
Organization	Each image should be a separate file with the figure number indicated in the filename. Images should be uniform in size and magnification and should not be redundant. Excessive illustrative material is to be avoided. Label all pertinent findings.
Cropping	Please view our image cropping guide for requirements and examples.
Legends	Legends should be in present tense (eg, “T1-weighted MR image shows…”). Legends must be double-spaced and figures numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text.
Sagittal & Lateral	Sagittal projections or lateral images are to be submitted with the patient facing the reader’s left.
Line Drawings	Line drawings should be professional in quality, done in black on a white background.
Reproduced Figures	Written permission for use of all previously published illustrations must be included with submission and the original source referenced in the legends.
Online Figures	The use of supplemental online figures is encouraged so that articles are as concise and focused as possible.
Resolution	Images should be a minimum size of 4 inches wide at the stated resolution. Line art (black-and-white): 1200 dpi/ppi Halftones: 300 dpi/ppi Combination halftones: 600 dpi/ppi All arrays containing both halftones (black and white scans) and 2- or 4-color images must be submitted with each image in a separate file. Saving the array as a color image may introduce a color cast over the halftones that is difficult to detect and correct at the proof stage.
Color Charges	Submit color images only if color is essential in understanding the material presented. Authors are required to pay for the reproduction of color images in the AJNR. Members of ASNR will be charged $275 per manuscript and non-member authors will pay $325. If you do not wish to have images reproduced in color, please grayscale the files before submission.
Online Supplemental Figures	The use of online tables and figures is encouraged so that articles are as concise and focused as possible. The American Journal of Neuroradiology no longer copyedits, typesets, or proofreads online supplemental material. If you have an appendix, tables, or figures to accompany your article, please combine these materials in one PDF file. (Videos are still accepted. Do not include these in the PDF–they should be separate files). We will post the supplemental file along with the ahead of print version of the article in the Publication Preview section of our website. Please note that all contents of this PDF file will be referred to as “Online Supplemental Data” within the article rather than individual elements (e.g, Online Figure 1 or Online Table 2). The authors are solely responsible for the quality and accuracy of the contents of the supplemental PDF file.

Electronic Modification or Manipulation of Image Files
The following global changes to improve the quality of illustrations or remove identifying information are acceptable:

• changing image size and resolution as detailed above
• globally adjusting contrast and brightness (as long as no parts of an image are completely masked by them)
• blocking or erasing patient/institutional/manufacturer identifiers
• minimally “cleaning” unwanted noise in the background
• aligning an image that is tilted
• cropping unnecessary surrounding black space

All cloning, whether done to delete or enhance a part or parts of an image is viewed as suspicious. No specific feature within an image may be enhanced, obscured, moved, removed, or introduced. Should such alterations be suspected, the images will be sent to our printer for digital analysis. We may then contact the corresponding author and ask for the original unaltered image files. Any manipulation of an image must be explained in the accompanying legend.

Tables

Requirements
Format	Prepare tables with word processing (e.g., Microsoft Word Table feature) or spreadsheet (e.g., Microsoft Excel) software. Graphic files are not acceptable for tables.
Layout	Each table should be double-spaced and begin on a separate page without vertical or horizontal rules. Font size within the tables should not be reduced.
Labels & Abbreviations	Give each table a short, descriptive title, and define abbreviations as footnotes at the bottom of each one. Number tables according to the order in which they are cited in the text. The “Results” section should refer the reader to the appropriate table.
Online Supplemental Tables	All tables larger than half a page or those that would be set broadside will be removed automatically from the print edition and be placed online as supplemental material. The use of online tables and figures is encouraged so that articles are as concise and focused as possible. Tables containing raw data should be submitted as supplemental online content. The American Journal of Neuroradiology no longer copyedits, typesets, or proofreads online supplemental material. If you have an appendix, tables, or figures to accompany your article, please combine these materials in one PDF file. (Videos are still accepted. Do not include these in the PDF–they should be separate files). We will post the supplemental file along with the ahead of print version of the article in the Publication Preview section of our website. Please note that all contents of this PDF file will be referred to as “Online Supplemental Data” within the article rather than individual elements (e.g, Online Figure 1 or Online Table 2). The authors are solely responsible for the quality and accuracy of the contents of the supplemental PDF file.
Data	Tables should not duplicate data given in the text or figures.

References

Note The guidelines provided in this section are applicable to Original Research, Clinical Reports, and Review Articles. However, the AMA style of referencing should be used for any type of manuscript submission.

Requirements
Format	This section should be double-spaced, with references numbered consecutively in the order in which they appear in the text. All references must be cited in the text in superscript.
Citing Non-Standard Sources	Data such as abstracts from meetings should be cited in the reference list. For meeting abstracts, cite the authors, title, society meeting, date, and location. Citations of personal communications should appear in the “Discussion” section only and should not be used to support the authors’ conclusions. Papers submitted but not yet accepted for publication should also be cited in the text (D.J. Smith, unpublished data, 1988).
Journal Names	Journal names are abbreviated per Index Medicus.
Author Lists	All authors are listed when there are three or fewer; when four or more, the first three are listed with ‘et al.’
Citation Protocol	Citation should be to the original source. When citing a long list of references, e.g., 1-20, authors should attempt to order these references by date of publication or group topics together.

Style and punctuation of references follow the format illustrated in the following examples:

Journal Article
Callen AL, Chow DS, Chen YA, et al. Predictive value of noncontrast head CT with negative findings in the emergency department setting. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020;41:213-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6408

Journal Article Published Ahead of Print
Lanzino G, Crobeddu E, Cloft HJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of flow diversion for paraclinoid aneurysms: a matched pair analysis compared with standard endovascular approaches. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012 Jul 12. [Epub ahead of print]

Journal Article with Only DOI Available [Do Not Use this Format If Publication Has Volume, Issue, and Page Range]
Friedman ER, Tandon N. Beyond mesial temporal sclerosis: optimizing MRI evaluation in focal epilepsy. Neurographics http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ng.2130053

Book
Grossman RI, Yousem DM. Neuroradiology: The Requisites. Mosby; 1994:114-16

Chapter in an Edited Book
Hudgins PA, Jacobs IN, Castillo M. MR of the neck. In: Som PM, Curtin HD, eds. Head and Neck Imaging 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1996:545-611

Paper Presented at a Meeting
Molyneaux AJ, Fox A, Sneade M, et al. Cerecyte coil trial: angiographic and clinical outcomes of endovascular coiling in patients with ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with Cerecyte coils compared with bare platinum coils—finals results of a prospective randomized trial. In: Proceedings of the American Society of Neuroradiology 50th Annual Meeting & the Foundation of the ASNR Symposium, New York, New York. April 21–26, 2012

Website
The human brain: renew—exercise. http://www.fi.edu/learn/brain/exercise.html Accessed May 30, 2012

Multimedia Files

Any multimedia files to be published in the online journal should be uploaded to Manuscript Central in QuickTime (MOV). Please do not send DivX Video (AVI), MPEG, or Windows Media Clip (WMV) files.

Expedited Publication

AJNR encourages and recognizes exceptional science and will schedule manuscripts of special merit accordingly. Select articles will awarded an expedited publication date with this fast-track distinction noted in the table of contents. This refers to submitted articles that the Editors and/or reviewers feel will significantly impact the way we practice clinical neuroradiology or change the way we approach research activities related to neuroimaging. The Editors are committed to expediting the review process, and articles considered for expedited publication will be processed as fast as our system allows. Please note that accepted articles are currently being posted in our Publication Preview section in advance of their appearance in print. These final versions of accepted manuscripts have been edited and approved by the authors in PDF format and greatly reduce time from acceptance to publication, often to as little as two months. Each article published ahead-of-print is citable, with the official publication date that of the first on-line posting.

Author Proofs

Authors will receive PDF proofs in approximately 6 weeks following acceptance and final submission of all materials. Please note when reviewing these that excessive alterations to proofs will result in a charge of $100. This includes all changes to author names (e.g., the addition of middle initials) received after an article has been published ahead of print. It is essential that all authors verify the treatment of their name on the manuscript title page before submission.

Ideas for Publicizing Your Research

Once your article is published in AJNR, there are a number of steps you can take to promote it. Click here to read more.

Case Collections (Web Only)

Case of the Week

Section Editors Submit cases to Matylda Machnowska, Anvita Pauranik, and Vinil Shah at (caseoftheweek@asnr.org).

Cases need to be interesting and educational. They need not be rare. Case acceptance is based entirely upon the discretion of the Section Editor. Upon receiving the case, a decision letter will be sent, usually within 2 weeks. Authors will be notified of delays in the review process.

To prevent duplicate publication, cases will not be considered if they have been simultaneously submitted to or accepted for inclusion in the ASNR Case of the Week collection.

Case Slides
Case of the Week submission entails 3 PowerPoint slides:
Slide 1	Brief history Two to six high-quality illustrations (color is acceptable) in JPG format, without annotations Names of the authors (1-5 per case) and institutions. Authors are encouraged to provide their Twitter handles, if desired.
Slide 2	Images with appropriate annotations (arrows, etc.) and figure legends. Legends should be written in present tense (eg, “T1-weighted MR image shows…”) and should describe the key imaging findings (both positive and pertinent negative findings). Arrows should be placed at the discretion of the author. No discussion about the final diagnosis or the differential diagnosis should be included in the legends.
Slide 3	Diagnosis Succinct, up-to-date discussion (1–2 lines each), including 1) background, 2) relevant clinical information, 3) key diagnostic features, 4) a list of differential diagnoses, and 5) treatment options. Authors are requested to expand the differential diagnosis section by noting imaging features that aid in differentiating each of the mentioned differential diagnoses. Two to three relevant and current citationss. Cite AJNR when possible so as to allow linking to the appropriate article.

PowerPoint Template Submissions should utilize our PowerPoint template. Cases that do not adhere to the submission guidelines will be rejected.

Image Quality Images should be exported directly from a PACS system or high-quality film scans and should be provided at 92 dpi and at least 800 pixels in height. No pictures of printed films will be accepted. Cropped screen captures should be avoided.

Topics of Interest All properly submitted cases will be reviewed and considered for publication in light of their educational value. Nevertheless, we would encourage submitting cases that represent the following scenarios:

• Rare manifestations of typical diseases, where the diagnosis could have been done correctly in light of imaging findings and/or clinical characteristics
• Typical manifestations of uncommon diseases, especially when imaging characteristics are key for the correct diagnosis
• Mimics where imaging findings can have a significant impact on clinical conduct (eg, benign lesions mimicking aggressive tumors, neoplastic lesions that mimic a benign lesion)
• Cases where advanced MR techniques can help in making the correct diagnosis or narrow the differential significantly
• Submissions of educational interventional neuroradiology cases where conventional or cross-sectional angiographic techniques are showcased

We recommend the authors to review the Case Diagnosis Archive to check on prior submitted cases. The reviewers will give priority to those cases where the final diagnosis has not been previously discussed in this section. Repeated cases will be reviewed and considered for publication if they represent an improvement or a significant update of their prior appearance in Case of the Week.

Classic Case

Section Editor Submit cases directly to Sandy Cheng-Yu Chen (sandy0932@gmail.com).

The image needs to be a classic, and should illustrate findings that are typical of a disease process or condition. Acceptance is provided at the discretion of the Section Editor. A decision letter will be provided by the Section Editor within 2-3 business days from the time of submission.

Case Slides
Classic Case submission entails 2 PowerPoint slides:
Slide 1	A high-quality illustration in JPG format, without annotations, accompanied by 1 multiple-choice question outlining 4 possible diagnoses. The illustration may be a plain radiograph, CT or MR image, or a photograph showing interesting histopathological or physical findings. Names of the authors (1-3 per quiz) and institutions. We encourage fellows worldwide to participate.
Slide 2	The answer. Authors may include 1-3 supplemental images and 1-3 lines of text explanation.

Case of the Month

Section Editor Submit cases directly to Nicholas Stence, MD (caseofthemonth@asnr.org).

Cases need to be interesting, educational, and challenging. Case acceptance is based entirely upon the discretion of the Section Editor. Upon receiving the case, a decision letter will be sent, usually within 2-3 business days.

Objective Build the case every week over a period of 4 weeks. For example, the first week could have non-contrast CT images; the second week, contrast-enhanced CT images; the third week, conventional MR images; and the fourth week, advanced MR images. Also, at this point in time (fourth week), the diagnosis will be provided along with a succinct discussion. In addition, an expert in the field will discuss the findings, which will be provided as an audio clip. It is our hope that such a format will be engaging and thought-provoking, will stimulate learning, and will be fun.

Case Slides
Case of the Month submission entails 6 PowerPoint Slides, all of which must be submitted together. The display order will include:
FIRST WEEK Slides 1-2	S1: Brief history S1: Name of the authors (1-5 per case) and affiliated institution(s) S2: Two to four high quality illustrations in .jpg format without annotations
SECOND WEEK Slide 3	Two to four high-quality illustrations in JPG format, without annotations
THIRD WEEK Slide 4	Two to four high-quality illustrations in JPG format, without annotations
FOURTH WEEK Slides 5-6	S5: Two to four high quality illustrations in JPG format, without annotations S5: Figure legends for all figures displayed S6: Diagnosis and discussion: Discussion should include brief background information, relevant clinical information, key diagnostic features, appropriate differential diagnoses, treatment options, and 2-3 relevant, up-to-date references. (Cite AJNR when possible, so as to allow linking to the appropriate articles.)